Nhoroondo yekare
Muzana remakore rechi19, nekukura nekukurumidza kwehutongi hwemari, mabhizinesi emari aiwanzo dzvinyirira vashandi nekuwedzera nguva yekushanda nesimba uye simba revashandi kuitira kuti vawane mari yakawanda mukutsvaga purofiti. Vashandi vaishanda maawa anopfuura gumi nemaviri pazuva uye mamiriro ekushanda aive akaipa zvikuru.
Kutanga kwezuva rekushanda remaawa masere
Mushure mezana remakore rechi19, kunyanya kuburikidza nesangano reChartist, kukura kwehondo yevashandi vekuBritain kwave kuchiwedzera. Muna Chikumi 1847, Paramende yeBritain yakapasisa Mutemo weZuva reKushanda wemaawa gumi. Muna 1856, vacheri vegoridhe muMelbourne, British Australia, vakashandisa mukana wekushaikwa kwevashandi ndokurwira zuva remaawa masere. Mushure mema1870, vashandi vekuBritain mune mamwe maindasitiri vakakunda zuva remaawa mapfumbamwe. Muna Gunyana 1866, First International yakaita musangano wayo wekutanga muGeneva, uko, pachikumbiro chaMarx, "kurambidzwa kwepamutemo kwehurongwa hwebasa ndiyo danho rekutanga rekukura kwepfungwa, simba remuviri uye kusunungurwa kwekupedzisira kwevashandi," yakapasisa chisarudzo "chekuedza maawa masere ezuva rekushanda." Kubva ipapo, vashandi munyika dzese vakarwa nemakapitalisti pazuva remaawa masere.
Muna 1866, Musangano weGeneva weFirst International wakaronga chirevo chezuva remaawa masere. Mukurwira kwevashandi vepasi rose kwezuva remaawa masere, boka revashandi vekuAmerica rakatungamira. Pakupera kweHondo yeVanhu vekuAmerica muma1860, vashandi vekuAmerica vakaisa pachena chirevo chekuti "kurwira zuva remaawa masere". Chirevo ichi chakapararira nekukurumidza uye chakava nesimba guru.
Zvichitungamirirwa nesangano revashandi vekuAmerica, muna 1867, matunhu matanhatu akapasa mitemo yairaira zuva rekushanda remaawa masere. Muna Chikumi 1868, United States Congress yakagadza mutemo wekutanga wehurumende pazuva remaawa masere munhoroondo yeAmerica, zvichiita kuti zuva remaawa masere rishande kuvashandi vehurumende. Muna 1876, Dare Repamusorosoro rakabvisa mutemo wehurumende pazuva remaawa masere.
1877 Kwakava nekuratidzira kwekutanga kwenyika munhoroondo yeAmerica. Vashandi vakapinda mumigwagwa vachiratidzira kuhurumende kuti vavandudze mamiriro ekushanda nekugara uye kuti vaderedze maawa ekushanda uye kuti vape maawa masere ekushanda pazuva. Vachimanikidzwa zvikuru nesangano revashandi, US Congress yakamanikidzwa kuisa mutemo wemazuva masere, asi mutemo wacho wakazopedzisira wava chinhu chisina basa.
Mushure mema1880, kurwira zuva remaawa masere kwakava nyaya huru mubato revashandi vekuAmerica. Muna 1882, vashandi vekuAmerica vakaronga kuti Muvhuro wekutanga munaGunyana uratidzwe sezuva rekuratidzira mumigwagwa, uye vakarwira izvi vasinganeti. Muna 1884, musangano weAFL wakasarudza kuti Muvhuro wekutanga munaGunyana waizova Zuva reNyika rekuzorora revashandi. Kunyangwe sarudzo iyi yakanga isina chekuita zvakananga nekurwira zuva remaawa masere, yakakurudzira kurwira kwezuva remaawa masere. Congress yaifanira kupasisa mutemo waiita kuti Muvhuro wekutanga munaGunyana uve Zuva reVashandi. Muna Zvita 1884, kuitira kukurudzira kurwira kwezuva remaawa masere, AFL yakaitawo chisarudzo chenhoroondo: "Masangano Evashandi Akarongwa neFederations of Labour muUnited States neCanada vakasarudza kuti, kubva musi wa1 Chivabvu 1886, zuva reLabour repamutemo rive maawa masere, uye vanokurudzira masangano ese eLabour muDunhu kuti vagone kugadzirisa maitiro avo kuti aenderane nechisarudzo ichi pazuva rakataurwa."
Kuramba kuripo kwesangano revashandi
Muna Gumiguru 1884, mapoka masere evashandi vepasi rose nevemunyika muUnited States neCanada akaita musangano muChicago, United States, kuti arwire kuzadzikiswa kwe "zuva rekushanda kwemaawa masere", uye akasarudza kutanga kurwira kukuru, uye akasarudza kuita kuramwa mabasa kwevanhu vose musi wa1 Chivabvu 1886, zvichimanikidza macapitalist kuti aite zuva rekushanda remaawa masere. Vashandi vekuAmerica munyika yese vakatsigira uye vakapindura nemufaro, uye zviuru zvevashandi mumaguta mazhinji vakabatana nekurwisana.
Chisarudzo cheAFL chakafarirwa nevashandi muUnited States yese. Kubva muna 1886, vashandi vekuAmerica vanga vachiita kuratidzira, kuratidzira, uye kuramba mabasa ekumanikidza vashandirwi kuti vatore zuva rekushanda remaawa masere panosvika 1 Chivabvu. Dambudziko iri rakasvika padanho guru muna Chivabvu. Musi wa1 Chivabvu, 1886, vashandi zviuru mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu muChicago nemamwe maguta muUnited States vakaita kuratidzira, vachida kuti zuva rekushanda remaawa masere riitwe uye mamiriro ekushanda ave nani. Chiziviso cheUnited Workers chekuratidzira chaiti, “Simukai, vashandi veAmerica! Chivabvu 1, 1886 bvisai maturusi enyu, bvisai mabasa enyu, vharai mafekitori nemigodhi yenyu kwezuva rimwe chete pagore. Iri izuva rekupandukira, kwete rekuzorora! Iri harisi zuva apo hurongwa hwekuita kuti Labour yepasi rose ive varanda hunorayirwa nemutauriri anozvikudza. Iri izuva apo vashandi vanogadzira mitemo yavo uye vane simba rekuishandisa! … Iri ndiro zuva randinotanga kunakidzwa nemaawa masere ekushanda, maawa masere ekuzorora, uye maawa masere ekutonga kwangu.
Vashandi vakatanga kuramwa mabasa, zvikaita kuti maindasitiri makuru muUnited States asashande zvakanaka. Zvitima zvakamira kushanda, zvitoro zvakavharwa, uye matura ese akavharwa.
Asi kuratidzira kwacho kwakadziviswa nevakuru veUS, vashandi vazhinji vakaurayiwa vakasungwa, uye nyika yese yakazununguka. Nerutsigiro rwakakura rwemaonero everuzhinji ari kufambira mberi pasi rose uye kurwira kuri kuramba kuripo kwevashandi pasi rose, hurumende yeUS yakazopedzisira yazivisa kushandiswa kwezuva rekushanda remaawa masere pamwedzi mumwe chete gare gare, uye sangano revashandi vekuAmerica rakakunda pakutanga.
Kugadzwa kweZuva reVashandi rePasirose raMay 1
Muna Chikunguru 1889, Second International, yakatungamirwa naEngels, yakaita musangano muParis. Kurangarira "May Day" yekuramwa mabasa kwevashandi vekuAmerica, inoratidza kuti "Vashandi venyika, batanai!" Simba guru rekusimudzira kurwira kwevashandi munyika dzese kwezuva rekushanda remaawa masere, musangano wakapasisa chisarudzo, musi wa1 Chivabvu, 1890, vashandi vepasi rose vakaita gwara, uye vakasarudza kuisa Chivabvu 1 sezuva reInternational Labor Day, kureva kuti, ikozvino "May 1 International Labor Day."
Musi wa1 Chivabvu, 1890, vashandi vemuEurope nemuUnited States vakatungamira mukupinda mumigwagwa vachiita kuratidzira kukuru nemisangano yekurwira kodzero dzavo nezvinodiwa zvavo. Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, nguva dzese pazuva iri, vanhu vanoshanda munyika dzese pasi rose vachaungana vachipemberera.
Sangano reMay Day Labor Movement muRussia neSoviet Union
Mushure mekufa kwaEngels muna Nyamavhuvhu 1895, vanhu vaida mukana wekuwana mukana muSecond International vakatanga kutonga, uye mapato evashandi eSecond International akatanga kuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma kuita mapato ekuchinja-chinja. Mushure meHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, vatungamiriri vemapato aya vakatowedzera kunyengera pachena chikonzero chehudzvanyiriri hwenyika dzechivanhu nesosharizimu uye vakava vanhu vanoda zvemagariro evanhu vachitsigira hondo yehumambo. Vachitevera chirevo chekuti "kudzivirira nyika yemadzibaba," vasinganyari vanokurudzira vashandi venyika dzese kuti vauraye mumwe nemumwe kuti vabatsire mabhurugwa avo. Saka sangano reSecond International rakaparara uye May Day, chiratidzo chekubatana kwevashandi vepasi rose, rakabviswa. Mushure mekupera kwehondo, nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekufamba kwechimurenga chevashandi munyika dzehumambo, vatengesi ava, kuti vabatsire mabhurugwa kudzvinyirira kufamba kwechimurenga chevashandi, vakatora zvakare mureza weSecond International kunyengedza vanhu vanoshanda, uye vakashandisa misangano nekuratidzira kweMay Day kuparadzira simba rekuchinja-chinja. Kubva ipapo, pamubvunzo wekuti "Zuva raMay" ringarangarirwa sei, pave nekukakavadzana kukuru pakati pevaMarxist vechimurenga nevanoita shanduko munzira mbiri.
Vachitungamirirwa naLenin, vashandi vekuRussia vakatanga kubatanidza kurangarira "Zuva raMay" nemabasa echimurenga enguva dzakasiyana-siyana, uye vakarangarira mutambo wegore negore we "Zuva raMay" nezviito zvechimurenga, zvichiita kuti Chivabvu 1 ive mutambo wechimurenga chepasi rose chevashandi vekuRussia. Kurangarirwa kwekutanga kweZuva raMay nevashandi vekuRussia kwaive muna 1891. PaZuva raMay 1900, misangano yevashandi nekuratidzira kwakaitwa muPetersburg, Moscow, Kharkiv, Tifris (yava kunzi Tbilisi), Kiev, Rostov nemamwe maguta makuru akawanda. Vachitevera mirairo yaLenin, muna 1901 na1902, kuratidzira kwevashandi vekuRussia vachirangarira Zuva raMay kwakawedzera zvakanyanya, kubva pakufamba kuenda pakurwisana kweropa pakati pevashandi neuto.
Muna Chikunguru 1903, Russia yakagadzira bato rekutanga reMarxist rinorwisana zvechokwadi revashandi vepasi rose. PaCongress iyi, Lenin akanyora gwaro resarudzo musi waChivabvu 1. Kubva ipapo, kurangarirwa kweMay Day nevashandi veRussia, vachitungamirwa neBato, kwapinda padanho rekuchinja-chinja. Kubva ipapo, mhemberero dzeMay Day dzave dzichiitwa gore rega rega muRussia, uye kufamba kwevashandi kwakaramba kuchikwira, zvichisanganisira makumi ezviuru zvevashandi, uye kurwisana pakati pevanhu neuto kwakaitika.
Nekuda kwekukunda kweGumiguru Revolution, vashandi veSoviet vakatanga kurangarira May Day International Labor Day munharaunda yavo kubva muna 1918. Vashandi pasi rese vakatangawo kurwisana kuti hutongi hwevashandi hubudirire, uye mutambo we "May Day" wakatanga kuva chimurenga chaicho uye kurwa kwechokwadi.kuwanikwa kwezviwanikwa munyika idzi.
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Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-01-2024