Historical background
Muzana ramakore rechi 19, nekukura kunokurumidza kwe capitalism, macapitalist aiwanzobira vashandi zvine hutsinye nekuwedzera nguva yebasa uye kuwanda kwevashandi kuti vatore kukosha kwakawanda mukutsvaga purofiti. Vashandi vaishanda maawa anopfuura gumi nemaviri pazuva uye mamiriro ekushanda akanga akaipa zvikuru.
Kuiswa kwezuva rekushanda kwemaawa masere
Mushure mezana ramakore rechi 19, kunyanya kuburikidza nesangano reChartist, chiyero chekurwira kweboka revashandi veBritish chave chichikura. Muna June 1847, Paramende yeBritain yakadzika mutemo wemaawa gumi weKushanda Zuva. Muna 1856, vacheri vegoridhe muMelbourne, British Australia, vakashandisa kuperevedza kwevashandi ndokurwa kwemaawa masere pazuva. Pashure pema1870, vashandi vokuBritain mune mamwe maindasitiri vakakunda zuva remaawa mapfumbamwe. MunaGunyana 1866, First International yakaita kongiresi yayo yekutanga muGeneva, uko, pachikumbiro chaMarx, "kurambidzwa kwemutemo kwehurongwa hwebasa ndiro danho rekutanga mukukudziridza kwenjere, simba remuviri uye kusunungurwa kwekupedzisira kweboka revashandi," yakapfuura. chisarudzo "kuedza kwemaawa masere ezuva rekushanda." Kubva ipapo, vashandi munyika dzese vakarwa nemacapitalist kwemaawa masere.
Muna 1866, Geneva Conference yeFirst International yakaronga sirogani yezuva remaawa masere. Mukurwisana kwevashandi vepasi rose kwezuva remaawa masere, vashandi vekuAmerica vakatungamira. Pakupera kweAmerican Civil War mu1860s, vashandi vekuAmerica vakaisa pachena sirogani ye "kurwira zuva remaawa masere". Sirogani yacho yakapararira nokukurumidza uye yakava nesimba guru.
Zvichitungamirirwa nesangano revashandi reAmerica, muna 1867, nyika nhanhatu dzakadzika mitemo inorayira zuva rekushanda kwemaawa masere. Muna June 1868, United States Congress yakadzika mutemo wekutanga wehurumende pazuva remaawa masere munhoroondo yeAmerica, zvichiita kuti zuva remaawa masere rishande kuvashandi vehurumende. Muna 1876, Dare Repamusorosoro rakabvisa mutemo wehurumende pazuva remaawa masere.
1877 Pakave nekutanga kuramwa kwenyika munhoroondo yeAmerica. Boka revashandi rakapinda mumigwagwa richiratidzira kuhurumende kuti ivandudze mugariro webasa nepekugara uye kurayira nguva pfupi yebasa uye kutangwa kwezuva remaawa masere. Nekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kubva kubato revashandi, US Congress yakamanikidzwa kudzika mutemo wemaawa masere ezuva, asi mutemo wakazove tsamba yakafa.
Mushure memakore ekuma1880, kurwira kwezuva remaawa masere kwakava nyaya huru mubato revashandi reAmerica. Muna 1882, vashandi vekuAmerica vakaronga kuti Muvhuro wekutanga munaGunyana uitwe sezuva rekuratidzira mumigwagwa, uye vakarwira izvi vasinganeti. Muna 1884, gungano reAFL rakasarudza kuti Muvhuro wekutanga munaSeptember waizova Zuva reNyika rekuzorora kwevashandi. Kunyange zvazvo chisarudzo ichi chakanga chisina chokuita zvakananga nekurwisana kwezuva remaawa masere, chakapa simba kuhondo yezuva remaawa masere. Congress yaifanira kupasisa mutemo uchiita Muvhuro wekutanga munaGunyana zuva reBasa. Muna Zvita 1884, kuitira kusimudzira budiriro yehondo yezuva remaawa masere, AFL yakaitawo chisungo chenhoroondo: “Masangano eVashandi Akarongeka uye Masangano eVashandi muUnited States neCanada akagadzirisa kuti, kubva muna Chivabvu. 1, 1886, zuva rekushanda zviri pamutemo richava maawa masere, uye rinokurudzira kumasangano ese eVashandi muDunhu kuti vagadzirise maitiro avo kuti aenderane nechisungo ichi pazuva rataurwa.
Kuenderera mberi kwekusimuka kwesangano revashandi
Muna Gumiguru 1884, mapoka masere evashandi vepasi rese nevenyika muUnited States neCanada vakaita musangano muChicago, United States, kuti varwire kuzadzikiswa kwe“zuva rebasa remaawa masere”, uye vakasarudza kutanga hondo yakakura. uye vakasarudza kuita kuramwa kukuru muna Chivabvu 1, 1886, vachimanikidza macapitalist kuita maawa masere ezuva rebasa. Vashandi veAmerica munyika yose vakatsigira uye vakapindura nechido, uye zviuru zvevashandi mumaguta akawanda zvakapinda mukurwisana.
Sarudzo yeAFL yakagamuchira mhinduro ine shungu kubva kuvashandi muUnited States mose. Kubva 1886, vashandi vekuAmerica vakaita kuratidzira, kuramwa mabasa, uye kuramba kumanikidza vashandirwi kuti vatore zuva rekushanda remaawa masere panosvika May 1. Kurwisana kwakasvika pakakwirira muna May. Musi waChivabvu 1, 1886, vashandi 350 000 muChicago nemamwe maguta eUnited States vakaita mhirizhonga uye kuratidzira, vachida kushandiswa kwezuva rekushanda kwemaawa masere uye kuvandudza mamiriro ekushanda. Chiziviso cheUnited Workers' chekuramwa mabasa chaiti, “Simukai, vashandi veAmerica! Chivabvu 1, 1886 isa maturusi ako pasi, isa basa rako pasi, vhara mafekitori ako nemigodhi kwezuva rimwe pagore. Iri izuva rekumukira, kwete kuzorora! Iri harisi zuva apo hurongwa hwekuita nhapwa pasi rose reLabour hwakatemerwa nemutauriri ane mukurumbira. Iri izuva iro vashandi vanodzika mitemo yavo uye vane simba rekuita kuti ishande! … Iri ndiro zuva randinotanga kunakidzwa nemaawa masere ekushanda, maawa masere ekuzorora, uye maawa masere ekudzora kwangu.
Vashandi vakaramwa mabasa, vachimisa maindasitiri makuru muUnited States. Zvitima zvakamira kushanda, zvitoro zvakavharwa, uye matura ose akavharwa.
Asi kuramwa mabasa uku kwakadzvinyirirwa nevakuru veAmerica, vashandi vakawanda vakaurayiwa uye vakasungwa, uye nyika yose yakazununguswa. Nerutsigiro rwakakura rwekufambira mberi kwemaonero everuzhinji pasi rose uye kuenderera mberi kwekurwira kwevashandi pasi rose, hurumende yeUS yakazozivisa kuzadzikiswa kwezuva rekushanda remaawa masere mwedzi wakatevera, uye bato revashandi vekuAmerica rakahwina danho rekutanga. kukunda.
Kugadzwa kweMay 1 International Labor Day
Muna Chikunguru 1889, Yechipiri International, inotungamirwa naEngels, yakaita kongiresi muParis. Kurangarira "May Day" kuramwa kwevashandi vekuAmerica, inoratidza "Vashandi venyika, batana!" Simba guru rekusimudzira kurwisana kwevashandi munyika dzose kwezuva rekushanda kwemaawa masere, musangano wakaita chisarudzo, musi waMay 1, 1890, vashandi vemarudzi ose vakaita mhirizhonga, uye vakasarudza kuisa May 1 sezuva reInternational. Zuva reVashandi, ndiko kuti, ikozvino "Chivabvu 1 International Labor Day."
Pana May 1, 1890, boka revashandi muEurope neUnited States rakatungamirira mukupinda mumigwagwa kuita kuratidzira kukuru nemisangano yokurwira kodzero dzavo dzapamutemo nezvido. Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, pese pamusi uyu, vanhu vanoshanda munyika dzese pasi rose vachaungana nekufora vachipemberera.
May Day Labor Movement muRussia neSoviet Union
Mushure mekufa kwaEngels muna Nyamavhuvhu 1895, vanotora mukana mukati meSecond International vakatanga kuwana hutongi, uye mapato evashandi ari eSecond International akachinja zvishoma nezvishoma kuita mapato eBourgeois reformist. Mushure mekutanga kweHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, vatungamiri vemapato aya vakatonyanya kupandukira chikonzero cheproletarian internationalism uye socialism uye vakave vesocial chauvinists vachifarira hondo ye imperialist. Muchirevo chokuti “dziviriro yenyika,” nenzira yokusanyara vanonyandura vashandi venyika dzose kuti vapinde mukuurayana kwoupengo nokuda kwokubetserwa kwamabhunu avo. Nokudaro sangano reChipiri reNyika Dzepasi Pose rakaparadzana uye May Day, chiratidzo chekubatana kwevamiririri vemarudzi ose, yakabviswa. Mushure mekupera kwehondo, nekuda kwekukwira kwebato rechimurenga cheproletarian munyika dzema imperialist, vatengesi ava, kuitira kuti vabatsire mabhunu kudzvinyirira bato rechimurenga cheproletarian, vakatora zvakare mureza weSecond International kuti vanyengedze nyika. ruzhinji rwevanhu, uye vakashandisa misangano nekuratidzira kweMay Day kuparadzira pesvedzero yekuchinja. Kubva panguva iyo, pamubvunzo wekuti kurangarira sei "May Day", kwakave nekukakavadzana kwakasimba pakati pevamutsiri veMarxists nevashanduri munzira mbiri.
Pasi pehutungamiriri hwaLenin, vashandi vekuRussia vakatanga kubatanidza kurangarira kwe "May Day" nemabasa echimurenga enguva dzakasiyana-siyana, uye vakarangarira mutambo wepagore we "May Day" nezviito zvechimurenga, zvichiita kuti Chivabvu 1 uve mutambo weshanduko yepasirese yeproletarian. Kurangarirwa kwokutanga kweMay Day kwakaitwa nevakuru vakuru vokuRussia kwaiva muna 1891. PaMay Day 1900, misangano yevashandi uye kuratidzira kwakaitwa muPetersburg, Moscow, Kharkiv, Tifris (zvino yava Tbilisi), Kiev, Rostov nemamwe maguta makuru akawanda. Zvichitevera mirayiridzo yaLenin, muna 1901 na1902, kuratidzira kwevashandi vokuRussia kwokuyeuka May Day kwakakura zvikuru, zvichibva pakufora kuva kurwisana kunodeura ropa pakati pevashandi nemauto.
Muna Chikunguru 1903, Russia yakagadzira yekutanga kurwisa zvechokwadi Marxist revolutionary bato reInternational proletariat. Paiyi Congress, dhizaini sarudzo yekutanga yaMay yakanyorwa naLenin. Kubva ipapo, kurangarira kweMay Day neRussia proletariat, pamwe nehutungamiriri hweBato, kwapinda mune imwe nhanho yekuchinja. Kubva ipapo, mhemberero dzeMay Day dzave dzichiitwa gore negore muRussia, uye sangano revashandi riri kuramba richikwira, richibatanidza makumi ezviuru zvevashandi, uye kurwisana pakati pemhomho nemauto kwakaitika.
Somugumisiro wokukunda kweChimurenga chaOctober, boka revashandi veSoviet rakatanga kuyeuka May Day International Labor Day munharaunda yavo vamene kubva muna 1918. Vatungamiriri vehurumende munyika yose vakatangawo mugwagwa wechimurenga wokutamburira kuti kuzadzikiswe. udzvinyiriri hwevamiriri, uye mutambo we "May Day" wakatanga kuita shanduko yechokwadi nekurwa.hupfumi munyika idzi.
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Nguva yekutumira: May-01-2024